I roto i te kaweake o ngā hua whakaoho haumarutanga, ka whakahuatia ngātahitia te CE, FCC, RoHS, UL, EN 50291-1, me te EN 50291-2. Heoi, e aro ana ēnei ki ngā take rerekē, tae atu ki te urunga ki te mākete, te pokanoa auau reo irirangi, te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao o ngā rauemi, te haumaru hua, me te mahi whakaoho hauota waro. Me whakatau e ngā kamupene ngā whakaritenga tutuki e tika ana i runga i te mākete ūnga, ngā mahi hua, me te whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana.

‌I‌ . He aha ngā take e arohia ana e ēnei whakaritenga e ono?

CE: E whakatau ana mēnā ka tutuki tētahi hua i ngā ture e pā ana ki te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, ā, ka taea te tuku ki te mākete i roto i te EU me te Rohe Ōhanga o Ūropi.

FCC: E aro ana mēnā ka pāngia e te pokanoa auau reo irirangi kino tētahi hua hiko, ahokore rānei, me te mea hoki e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga taputapu auau reo irirangi o te US.

RoHS: E aro ana mēnā kei te tutuki ngā matū kino kua herea i roto i ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hikohiko me ō rātou wāhanga ki ngā whakaritenga taiao a te EU.

UL: E aro ana ki te whakatutukitanga o tētahi hua ki tētahi paerewa haumaru, paerewa mahi rānei, ā, kua oti hoki te whakamātautau, te aromatawai, me te tiwhikete a te hunga tuatoru.

EN 50291-1: E aro ana ki te mahi kimi, te mahi whakaoho, me te pono mō te wā roa o ngā whakaoho hauhā waro e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kāinga me ngā taiao kāinga rite.

EN 50291-2: E aro ana ki te mahi a ngā whakaoho hauhā waro e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiao nekeneke motuhake pēnei i ngā motuka, ngā waka whakangahau, me ngā waka whakangahau.

Nō roto mai ēnei whakaritenga i ngā pūnaha hanganga ture rerekē, ā, me aro atu ki ēnei whakaritenga motuhake i runga anō i te hua tuturu me te mākete ūnga.

‌II‌. CE: Te Urunga ki te Mākete Pākehā me te Whakatutukitanga Whānui o ngā Hua

2.1 He aha te CE?

Ko te tohu CE te tohu hanganga ture e whakamahia ana i roto i te anga hanganga ture hua o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi. Mā te tāpiri i te tohu CE, e kī ana te kaihanga kei te tutuki te hua i ngā whakaritenga ture katoa a te EU, ā, kua oti te aromatawai hanganga ture e hiahiatia ana, ngā tuhinga hangarau, me te Whakapuakitanga Hanga Ture a te EU.

Ehara te CE i te whakamātautau kotahi, ehara hoki i te tiwhikete whānui mō ngā hua katoa. He tukanga tutuki katoa tēnei i ngā whakaritenga mākete.

2.2 He aha ngā mea e uru ana ki te Tukanga Whakatutukitanga CE?

1. Te tautuhi i ngā ture e tika ana mō te EU me ngā paerewa kua whakatauritea;

2. Te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau hua, te aromatawai mōrearea, me tetahi aromatawai hanganga ture e hiahiatia ana;

3. Te whakarite i ngā tuhinga hangarau, ngā tapanga, ngā tohutohu, me ngā mōhiohio whaiwhai;

4. Te hainatanga i te Whakapuakitanga Whakatutukitanga a te EU;

5. Te whakapiri tika i te tohu CE me te pupuri i ngā tuhinga hanganga ture.

2.3 He aha te tikanga o te CE mō ngā hua whakaoho?

Ko ngā hua whakaoho me te Nihokikorangi, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, me ētahi atu mahi ahokore me arotake i te whakamahinga o te whānuitanga reo irirangi, te hototahi hikohiko, me te haumaru o te hua. Mō ngā whakaoho hiko kāore he mahi ahokore, me whakatau ngā whakaritenga e tika ana kia rite ki te pūtake hiko, te ngaohiko whakahaere, me te hanganga hua.

Ko te CE e aro nui ana ki te hanganga ture whānui mō te mākete Pākehā. I a ia anō, kāore e whakaatu ana kei te tutuki i te whakaoho auahi, i te whakaoho hauota waro rānei te paerewa mahi kimi motuhake e tika ana mō taua hua.

‌III. FCC: Te Whakararuraru Auautanga Reo Irirangi i te Mākete o Amerika

Ko te FCC te Komihana Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero ā-Motu o te Hononga o Amerika. Mā tana anga whakamanatanga taputapu e whakahaere te pūngao auau reo irirangi e whakaputahia, e whakamahia, e tukuna rānei e ngā taputapu hiko me te hikohiko hei ārai i te pokanoa kino ki ētahi atu taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

Ko ngā hua haumarutanga e taka ana ki roto i ngā whakaritenga a te FCC ko ngā taputapu e whakamahi ana i te Wi-Fi, te Nihokikorangi, te Zigbee, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero auau reo irirangi 433 MHz, ngā kēti ahokore, ngā mahi kimi atamai, me te hononga ahokore.

He aha ngā mea matua e arotakehia ana e te FCC mō ngā tutukitanga ture?

1. Mēnā kei te tutuki te auau whakahaere, te mana tuku, me te whānui o te whatunga ki ngā herenga e tika ana;

2. Mēnā kei roto tonu ngā tukunga rūpahu me te whānuitanga kua nohoia i ngā rohe kua tohua;

3. Mēnā kei te neke atu ngā tukunga i tukuna, i tukuna rānei i ngā rohe e tika ana;

4. Mēnā ka pā kino pea te taputapu ahokore ki ētahi atu pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

I ngā kupu māmā noa iho, ko te whāinga matua o ngā ture a te FCC ko te aro ki te mea ka taea e tētahi hua te whakararuraru i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ahokore. Kāore e whakaatu tika ana mēnā ka taea e tētahi whakaoho te kite tika i tētahi tūponotanga.

IV. RoHS: Ngā Matū Morearea i roto i ngā Hua Hiko me ngā Hua Hikohiko

Ka whakawhāitihia e te RoHS ētahi matū morearea motuhake i roto i ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hikohiko me ō rātou wāhanga. Ko tōna whāinga he whakaiti i te pānga pea o ngā hua ki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao i te wā e hangaia ana, e whakamahia ana, me te whakakorenga atu i te mutunga o te oranga.

Mō ngā kaihanga whakaoho, kāore te RoHS e pā ana ki te hua kua oti anake engari ki ngā papa ara iahiko tānga, ngā waea, ngā pouaka kirihou, te whakapiri, ngā hononga, ngā wāhanga whakarewa, me ētahi atu rauemi anō hoki.

He aha ngā tuhinga e hiahiatia ana e ngā kamupene?

1. He rārangi rauemi me te rārangi o ngā rauemi matua;

2. Ngā whakapuakitanga RoHS a te kaiwhakarato, ngā pūrongo whakamātautau rānei;

3. Ngā mōhiohio rauemi mō ngā kirihou, ngā mea honohono, ngā taura, me ngā wāhanga hiko;

4. Ngā tuhinga mō te whakahaere i ngā panonitanga rauemi me te kaiwhakarato;

5. He pūnaha whai-rōpū me tētahi tukanga mō te pupuri i ngā tuhinga hanganga ture.

Mā te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga RoHS e whakaū kei roto ngā matū kua herea i ngā rohe e tika ana. Kāore e whakaatu i te mahi kimi o te whakaoho, te mahi whakaoho, te haumaru hiko, te mahi ahokore rānei.

V. UL: Tiwhikete Haumaru me te Mahi Hua ki ngā Paerewa Motuhake

Ko te tiwhikete UL he tiwhikete motuhake ki te hua me te paerewa, kaua ki te tiwhikete kotahi e pā ana ki ia hua. Me aromatawai ngā hua rerekē ki ngā paerewa rerekē mā te whakamātautau, te aromatawai, me te tukanga tiwhikete tuatoru e rite ana.

Ko ngā tauira noa o ngā hua me ngā paerewa UL ko:

1. Ngā whakaoho auahi kāinga: UL 217;

2. Ngā whakaoho hauhā waro noho: UL 2034;

3. Ngā pūoko paowa e hono ana ki te pūnaha: UL 268;

4. Ētahi hononga me ngā pana aukume whakaoho tahae: UL 634.

‌VI. EN 50291-1: Te Mahi a ngā Pūwhakaoho Hauhā Waro mō ngā Whare Kāinga

E pā ana te EN 50291-1 ki ngā taputapu hiko mō te kimi me te whakaoho i te hauota waro e whakamahia tonutia ana i roto i ngā kāinga me ngā taiao kāinga rite. Ko te arotake matua ko te āheinga o te taputapu ki te kite pono i te hauota waro me te whakarato i tētahi whakaoho wā tika i ngā kukū CO kua tohua.

He aha ngā Wāhanga Mahi e hipokina ana e te EN 50291-1?

1. Ngā wā urupare whakaoho i ngā kukū hauhā waro rerekē;

2. Ngā tohu whakaoho e rangona ana, e kitea ana hoki;

3. Te mahi a te pākahiko, ngā whakatūpato mō te iti o te pākahiko, me ngā tohu hapa;

4. Te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te pāmahana me te haumākū;

5. Ātete ki te pokanoa mai i ētahi atu hau;

6. Te pumau mō te wā roa, te tohu hua, me ngā whakaritenga tohutohu.

Ko te EN 50291-1 he paerewa mahi-hua motuhake e aro ana ki te taea e te whakaoho hauhā waro te mahi pono i roto i ngā taiao kāinga.

VII. EN 50291-2: Ngā Whakaoho Hauhā Waro mō ngā Waka Whakangahau me ngā Waka Waka

Ko te EN 50291-2 e pā ana ki ngā taputapu whakaoho hauhā waro kua hangaia mō te tāutanga pumau me te mahi tonu i roto i ngā motuka, ngā waka puni, ngā wakatō haere, ngā waka whakangahau, me ētahi waka whakangahau.

Tērā pea kei roto i ēnei taiao te wiri, ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana me te haumākū, ngā pūnaha hiko nekeneke, me ngā taputapu tahu motuhake. Nō reira, me aromatawai te hua mō te pai ki roto i ngā taiao nekeneke me ētahi atu taiao mahi motuhake.

He aha ngā wāhanga e hipokina ana e te EN 50291-2?

1. Te pumau o te whakaoho i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana me te haumākū motuhake;

2. Ngā pānga o te wiri me te nekehanga ki te hua;

3. Ngā tikanga tuku hiko me te tāutanga;

4. Te pumau o te pūoko mō te wā roa;

5. Ngā tohu me ngā tohutohu e tika ana mō ngā waka whakangahau, mō ngā waka rānei;

6. Te pono o te whakaoho i roto i ngā taiao whakamahinga motuhake.

Ehara te EN 50291-2 i te putanga taumata teitei ake o te EN 50291-1. Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā paerewa e rua ko te taiao tono e hiahiatia ana mō rātou.

Whakamutunga

E aro ana te CE ki te hanganga ture whānui mō te mākete Pākehā. E aro ana te FCC ki ngā taputapu auau reo irirangi me te pokanoa ahokore i te United States. E aro ana te RoHS ki ngā here i runga i ngā matū kino. E aro ana te UL ki te tiwhikete haumaru me te mahi ki ngā paerewa hua motuhake. E aro ana te EN 50291-1 ki te mahi a ngā whakaoho hauota waro mō ngā whare noho, ko te EN 50291-2 ia e aro ana ki te mahi a te whakaoho hauota waro i roto i ngā waka whakangahau, ngā whare nekeneke rite, me ngā waka whakangahau.

Mō ngā kaihanga o ngā hua whakaoho haumarutanga, me tīmata te whakamahere tiwhikete ngaio i te wā e tautuhia ana me te whakawhanaketanga o te hua, ā, me ahu mai i te mākete ūnga, ngā mahi a te hua, me te whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana.